Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2022-2028

As the global economy mends, the 2021 growth of Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications will have significant change from previous year. According to our (LP Information) latest study, the global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications market size is USD  million in 2022 from USD 2233.3 million in 2021, with a change of  % between 2021 and 2022. The global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications market size will reach USD 4792.4 million in 2028, growing at a CAGR of 11.5% over the analysis period.

The United States Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications market is expected at value of US$  million in 2021 and grow at approximately  % CAGR during review period. China constitutes a  % market for the global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications market, reaching US$  million by the year 2028. As for the Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications landscape, Germany is projected to reach US$  million by 2028 trailing a CAGR of  % over the forecast period. In APAC, the growth rates of other notable markets (Japan and South Korea) are projected to be at  % and  % respectively for the next 5-year period.

Global main Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications players cover Orbcomm, Inmarsat Communications, Iridium Communications, and Globalstar, etc. In terms of revenue, the global largest two companies occupy a share nearly  % in 2021.

This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications market by product type, application, key players and key regions and countries.

Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022 in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2028 in section 10.7.
    Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)
    Automatic Identification System (AIS)
    Other

Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2017 to 2022, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2028 in section 10.8.
    Automotive
    Maritime
    Oil and Gas
    Energy and Utilities
    Government and Public Sector
    Transportation and Logistics
    Others

This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
    Americas
        United States
        Canada
        Mexico
        Brazil
    APAC
        China
        Japan
        Korea
        Southeast Asia
        India
        Australia
    Europe
        Germany
        France
        UK
        Italy
        Russia
    Middle East & Africa
        Egypt
        South Africa
        Israel
        Turkey
        GCC Countries

The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major players in the market. The key players covered in this report: Breakdown data in in Chapter 3.
    Orbcomm
    Inmarsat Communications
    Iridium Communications
    Globalstar
    Geotab, Inc
    Kore Telematics
    Rogers Communications
    Hughes Network System
    Orange
    Viasat
    Telia Company

List of Tables
    Table 1. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 2. Major Players of Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)
    Table 3. Major Players of Automatic Identification System (AIS)
    Table 4. Major Players of Other
    Table 5. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 6. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 7. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 8. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 9. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 10. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 11. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 12. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022)
    Table 13. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Key Players Head office and Products Offered
    Table 14. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
    Table 15. New Products and Potential Entrants
    Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
    Table 17. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions)
    Table 18. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
    Table 19. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 20. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 21. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 22. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 23. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 24. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 25. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 26. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 27. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 28. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 29. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 30. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 31. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 32. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 33. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 34. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 35. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 36. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 37. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 38. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 39. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 40. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 41. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 42. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 43. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications
    Table 44. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications
    Table 45. Key Industry Trends of Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications
    Table 46. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 47. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
    Table 48. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 49. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
    Table 50. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 51. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 52. Orbcomm Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 53. Orbcomm Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 54. Orbcomm Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 55. Orbcomm Main Business
    Table 56. Orbcomm Latest Developments
    Table 57. Inmarsat Communications Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 58. Inmarsat Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 59. Inmarsat Communications Main Business
    Table 60. Inmarsat Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 61. Inmarsat Communications Latest Developments
    Table 62. Iridium Communications Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 63. Iridium Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 64. Iridium Communications Main Business
    Table 65. Iridium Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 66. Iridium Communications Latest Developments
    Table 67. Globalstar Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 68. Globalstar Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 69. Globalstar Main Business
    Table 70. Globalstar Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 71. Globalstar Latest Developments
    Table 72. Geotab, Inc Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 73. Geotab, Inc Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 74. Geotab, Inc Main Business
    Table 75. Geotab, Inc Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 76. Geotab, Inc Latest Developments
    Table 77. Kore Telematics Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 78. Kore Telematics Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 79. Kore Telematics Main Business
    Table 80. Kore Telematics Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 81. Kore Telematics Latest Developments
    Table 82. Rogers Communications Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 83. Rogers Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 84. Rogers Communications Main Business
    Table 85. Rogers Communications Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 86. Rogers Communications Latest Developments
    Table 87. Hughes Network System Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 88. Hughes Network System Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 89. Hughes Network System Main Business
    Table 90. Hughes Network System Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 91. Hughes Network System Latest Developments
    Table 92. Orange Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 93. Orange Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 94. Orange Main Business
    Table 95. Orange Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 96. Orange Latest Developments
    Table 97. Viasat Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 98. Viasat Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 99. Viasat Main Business
    Table 100. Viasat Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 101. Viasat Latest Developments
    Table 102. Telia Company Details, Company Type, Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Area Served and Its Competitors
    Table 103. Telia Company Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Product Offered
    Table 104. Telia Company Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)
    Table 105. Telia Company Main Business
    Table 106. Telia Company Latest Developments
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Report Years Considered
    Figure 2. Research Objectives
    Figure 3. Research Methodology
    Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source
    Figure 5. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 6. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
    Figure 7. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Automotive
    Figure 8. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Automotive (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 9. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Maritime
    Figure 10. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Maritime (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 11. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Oil and Gas
    Figure 12. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Oil and Gas (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 13. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Energy and Utilities
    Figure 14. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Energy and Utilities (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 15. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Government and Public Sector
    Figure 16. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Government and Public Sector (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 17. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Transportation and Logistics
    Figure 18. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Transportation and Logistics (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 19. Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications in Others
    Figure 20. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market: Others (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Figure 21. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 22. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021
    Figure 23. Global Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
    Figure 24. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 25. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 26. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 27. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 28. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Value Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 29. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021
    Figure 30. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 31. United States Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 32. Canada Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 33. Mexico Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 34. Brazil Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 35. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021
    Figure 36. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 37. China Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 38. Japan Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 39. Korea Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 40. Southeast Asia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 41. India Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 42. Australia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 43. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 44. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
    Figure 45. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 46. Germany Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 47. France Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 48. UK Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 49. Italy Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 50. Russia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 51. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021
    Figure 52. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021
    Figure 53. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 54. Egypt Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 55. South Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 56. Israel Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 57. Turkey Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 58. GCC Country Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 59. Americas Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 60. APAC Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 61. Europe Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 62. Middle East & Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 63. United States Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 64. Canada Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 65. Mexico Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 66. Brazil Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 67. China Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 68. Japan Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 69. Korea Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 70. Southeast Asia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 71. India Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 72. Australia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 73. Germany Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 74. France Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 75. UK Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 76. Italy Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 77. Russia Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 78. Spain Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 79. Egypt Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 80. South Africa Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 81. Israel Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 82. Turkey Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 83. GCC Countries Satellite Machine-To-Machine (M2M) Communications Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

    Orbcomm
    Inmarsat Communications
    Iridium Communications
    Globalstar
    Geotab, Inc
    Kore Telematics
    Rogers Communications
    Hughes Network System
    Orange
    Viasat
    Telia Company

LP Information presents a detailed picture of the market by way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources. The analysts have presented the various facets of the market with a particular focus on identifying the key industry influencers. The data thus presented is comprehensive, reliable, and the result of extensive research, both primary and secondary.

• Primary Source
  Players/Suppliers
  Industry Experts
  Distributors/Traders
  Opinion Leaders
  Front-line Staff
  Marketing Executives

  Secondary Source
  Journals and Periodicals
  Government Bodies
  Annual Reports
  Presentations
  Paid Databases
  LPI Internal Repository

• Data Synthesis
  Information Gathering
  Collation of Data
  Estimation of Key Figures
  Analysis of Derived Insights

  Data Validation
  Triangulation with Data Models
  Reference Against Proprietary
  Databases
  Corroboration with Industry Experts

• Qualitative Analysis
  Market drivers
  Market challenges
  Market trends
  Five forces analysis

  Qualitative Analysis
  Market size and forecast
  Market segmentation
  Geographical insights
  Competitive landscape